Friday, March 26, 2010

PDE Ramayana: Kumbhakarna


Reading Guide. One of Ravana's greatest warriors is his brother, Kumbhakarna. First, though, they have to wake Kumbhakarna and satisfy his enormous appetite!

Image: The painting does a wonderful job of giving you a sense of scale. Kumbhakarna was BIG.

Source. Indian Myth and Legend by Donald A. Mackenzie (1913). [300 words]



Indrajit | 64. Kumbhakarna | The Mountain


The rakshasas were in desperate straits and bethought them to awaken Kumbhakarna, the mightiest of all the demons. In former days he had terrorized the Universe; he continually devoured human beings, and had defeated Indra even, but Brahma intervened and decreed that he would sleep for six months and then awaken for one day only. Each time he awoke he devoured a great meal, after which he was again overpowered by slumber.

Thousands of men danced and shouted and blew trumpets beside the great sleeper, but he could not be wakened; elephants were driven over his body, yet he never moved; then beautiful women came and caressed him, and he suddenly opened his eyes and roared like to the sea. His eyes were red with anger, and he cried, “Why have I been awakened before my time?”

The rakshasas informed Kumbhakarna of the army which surrounded the city, and they brought him much food; greedily he swallowed swine and deer and many human beings and drank rivers of wine. Refreshed, but not yet satisfied, he arose and said, “Where are the apes so that I may devour them?”

He mounted his chariot and went forth to battle. The apes trembled to behold him and fled panic-stricken. Sugriva rallied them quickly, and then they began to fling trees and boulders, but these were all splintered to pieces on the limbs of the giant. He defeated Hanuman, and seized Sugriva and carried him off in his chariot. Thousands of apes were devoured by the mighty rakshasa.

At length Kumbhakarna went against Rama and a fierce conflict ensued, but in the end Rama discharged flaming arrows and severed his head from his body. The monster staggered backward and fell into the ocean, and great billows arose and tossed angrily in the midst of the swollen deep.


Indrajit | Kumbhakarna | The Mountain



Friday, March 12, 2010

PDE Ramayana: Hanuman and the Mountain


Reading Guide. After another devastating attack by Indrajit, this time using a Brahmastra (Brahma-weapon), it is up to Hanuman to save the army.

Image: The depiction of Hanuman carrying the Medicine Hill is one of the most popular Hanuman icons. This is a Hanuman statue in Haladiagada, Kendrapada, Orissa in eastern India.

SourceMyths of the Hindus and Buddhists by Sister Nivedita (1914). [300 words]



Kumbhakarna | 65. Hanuman and the Mountain | Indrajit


Then Ravana grew ever more heavy of heart, but Prince Indrajit came to his father and vowed to slay Rama and Lakshmana that day, and he sallied forth. But first he offered libations unto Fire, and sacrificed a goat, and the bright, smokeless Fire-God, with his flickering tongue, rose up to take the offering, and he bestowed a Brahma-weapon on Indrajit, and blessed his bow and car with charms. Armed with that weapon, Indrajit slew countless hosts of monkeys, and laid low Sugriva and Angada and Jambavan and Nila and other chiefs, but himself remained invisible. Then Rama, seeing him thus weaponed and unassailable, counselled a semblance of defeat. And Indrajit returned victorious to Lanka.

Then Vibhishana and Hanuman ranged the field, beholding thousands of slain and wounded, a horrid sight and grim, and they came nigh to the king of bears, Jambavan, and asked if he yet lived. He answered faintly, recognizing Vibhishana's voice, and asked if Hanuman was alive; then Hanuman bowed to Jambavan and held his feet. Jambavan rejoiced, and despite his wounds he spoke to the Wind-God's son, "Do thou labour for this host of bears and monkeys, for only thou canst save them. Thou shalt bound over the sea, and reach Himalaya, king of mountains, and bring thence the four life-giving herbs that grow on him, and return forthwith with healing for the monkey host."

Then Hanuman roared and sprang, and he passed across the sea and over hills and woods and rivers and cities till he came to Himalaya and beheld its hermitages. He ranged the mountain, but the herbs were hidden from him, and angered and impatient, Hanuman rooted up the whole mountain and sprang with it into the air and returned to Lanka, welcomed by all the host. And the slain and wounded monkeys rose up whole, as if from restful sleep, healed by the savour of the four medicinal herbs. But all the slain rakshasas had been cast into the sea. Then Hanuman took the mountain-peak again to Himalaya and returned to Lanka.


Kumbhakarna | Hanuman and the Mountain | Indrajit



Thursday, March 11, 2010

PDE Ramayana: Lakshmana and Indrajit


Reading Guide. Ravana has tried to convince Sita that Rama is dead in order to make her despair, and now Ravana' sson, Indrajit, the master of illusion, tries to make Rama despair: he creates an image of Sita and makes it seem as if he has slain her on the battlefield. Vibhishana, however, explains to Rama what is happening and also lets him know about a sacred place in Lanka, Nikumbhila, where it will be possible to ambush Indrajit.

Image: Sometimes the rakshasas look human (more or less), and in other depictions they look very bizarre, as in this illustration that shows Indrajit flying in the air, attacking Lakshmana from above.

Source. Ramayana, The Epic of Rama, Prince of India, condensed into English verse by Romesh Dutt (1899). Try listening to the audio or reading it out loud to yourself! [700 words]



The Mountain | 66. Lakshmana and Indrajit | Ravana's Lament


Indrajit arose in anger for his gallant kinsmen slayed;
In his arts and deep devices Sita's beauteous image made,

And he placed the form of beauty on his speeding battle car.
With his sword he smote the image in the gory field of war!

Rama heard the fatal message which his faithful vanars gave,
And a deathlike trance and tremor fell upon the warrior brave,

But Vibhishan deep in wisdom to the anguished Rama came,
With his words of consolation spake of Rama's righteous dame:

"Trust me, Rama, trust thy comrade — for I know our wily house —
Indrajit slays not the woman whom his father seeks as spouse.

"'Tis for Sita, impious Ravan meets thee on the battlefield,
Stakes his life and throne and empire, but thy Sita will not yield.

"Deem not that the king of rakshas will permit her blood be shed;
Indrajit slays not the woman whom his father seeks to wed!

"'Twas an image of thy Sita Indrajit hath cleft in twain,
While our army wails and sorrows — he performs his rites again,

"To the holy Nikumbhila Indrajit in secret hies,
For the rites which yield him prowess, hide him in the cloudy skies.

"Let young Lakshman seek the foeman ere his magic rites be done;
Once the sacrifice completed, none can combat Ravan's son —

"Let young Lakshman speed through Lanka till his wily foe is found:
Slay the secret sacrificer on the sacrificial ground!"

Unto holy Nikumbhila, Lakshman with Vibhishan went
Bravest, choicest of the army, Rama with his brother sent.

Magic rites and sacrifices Indrajit had scarce begun,
When surprised by armed foemen rose in anger Ravan's son!

"Art thou he," thus to Vibhishan Indrajit in anger spake,
"Brother of my royal father, stealing thus my life to take,

Raksha born of raksha parents, dost thou glory in this deed,
Traitor to thy king and kinsmen, false to us in direst need?

Scorn and pity fill my bosom thus to see thee leave thy kin,
Serving as a slave of foemen, stooping to a deed of sin,

For the slave who leaves his kindred, basely seeks the foeman's grace,
Meets destruction from the foeman after he destroys his race!"

"Untaught child of impure passions," thus Vibhishan answer made,
"Of my righteous worth unconscious bitter accents hast thou said,

"Know, proud youth, that Truth and Virtue in my heart precedence take,
And we shun the impious kinsman as we shun the pois'nous snake!

"Listen, youth! This earth no longer bears thy father's sin and strife,
Plunder of the righteous neighbour, passion for the neighbour's wife,

Earth and skies have doomed thy father for his sin-polluted reign,
Unto Gods his proud defiance and his wrongs to sons of men!

Listen more! This fated Lanka groans beneath her load of crime,
And shall perish in her folly by the ruthless hand of Time.

Thou shalt perish and thy father and this proud presumptuous state,
Lakshman meets thee, impious raksha, by the stern decree of Fate!"

"Hast thou too forgot the lesson?" Indrajit to Lakshman said.
"Twice in field of war unconscious thee with Rama have I laid.

"Dost thou stealing like a serpent brave my yet unconquered might?
Perish, boy, in thy presumption, in this last and fatal fight!"

Spake the hero, "Like a coward hid beneath a mantling cloud,
Thou hast battled like a caitiff safe behind thy sheltering shroud.

"Now I seek an open combat; time is none to prate or speak.
Boastful word is coward's weapon, weapons and thy arrows seek!

Soon they mixed in dubious combat; fury fired each foeman's heart.
Either warrior felt his rival worthy of his bow and dart,

Lakshman with his hurtling arrows pierced the raksha's golden mail;
Shattered by the raksha's weapons Lakshman's useless armor fell.

Red with gore and dim in eyesight, still the chiefs in fury fought.
Neither quailed before his foeman, pause nor grace nor mercy sought,

Till with more than human valour Lakshman drew his bow amain,
Slayed the raksha's steeds and driver, severed too his bow in twain.

"If the great and godlike Rama is in faith and duty true,
Gods assist the cause of virtue!" —Lakshman uttered as he drew,

Fatal was the dart unerring — Gods assist the true and bold,
On the field of Nikumbhila, Lakshman's foeman headless rolled!


The Mountain | Lakshmana and Indrajit | Ravana's Lament



Monday, March 8, 2010

PDE Ramayana: Ravana's Lament


Reading Guide. After Lakshmana slays his son Indrajit, Ravana vows revenge. You can see what impression Ravana makes on you here in the prose version of the scene and then when you hear Ravana speaking in verse.

Image: The illustration of Ravana below shows him with a donkey head, which you have seen before, and in his many hands he holds various symbolic objects: a lotus, cup, dagger, trishula (trident), gada (mace), curved sword, rope, a chakra (discus) and a kattar (dagger); ankusha (elephant goad), parashu (axe), sword, spear, snake, pasha (noose) and a pustaka (book).

Source. The prose portion comes from Indian Myth and Legend by Donald A. Mackenzie (1913) and the verse portion comes from Ramayana, The Epic of Rama, Prince of India, condensed into English verse by Romesh Dutt (1899). [700 words]



Indrajit | 67. Ravana's Lament | Lakshmana


Ravana lamented for the death of his son, crying, “He was the mightiest of my heroes and the dearest to my heart. All the gods feared him, yet by a mortal was he laid low. O my son, thy widow wails for thee and thy mother weeps in sore distress. Fondly I deemed that when the frailties of old age afflicted me thou wouldst close mine eyelids in death, but youth is taken first and I am left alone to battle against mine enemies.”

For a time the mighty demon wept; then he arose in wrath to wreak vengeance. First of all he hastened towards the Ashoka grove to slay Sita. But the rakshasa dames concealed the wife of Rama, and prevailed upon Ravana not to pollute his fame by slaying a woman. One cried to him, “Auspicious is the last day of the waning moon. The hour of thy vengeance is nigh. Turn thee towards the battlefield and great glory will be thine.”

~ ~ ~

Anguish filled the father's bosom and his fleeting senses failed,
Till to deeper sorrow wakened Lanka's monarch wept and wailed.

"Greatest of my gallant warriors, dearest to thy father's heart,
Victor over bright Immortals — art thou slain by Lakshman's dart.

"Noble prince whose peerless arrows could the peaks of Mandar stain,
And could daunt the Dread Destroyer — art thou by a mortal slain!

"In the skies the bright Immortals lisp thy name with terror pale,
On the earth our maids and matrons mourn thy fall with piercing wail!

"Hark! The voice of lamentation waking in the palace halls,
Like the voice of woe in forests when the forest monarch falls!

"Hark! the wailing widowed princess, mother weeping for her son,
Leaving them in tears and anguish, Indrajit, where art thou gone!

"Full of years — so oft I pondered — when the monarch Ravan dies,
Indrajit shall watch his bedside, Indrajit shall close his eyes,

"But the course of nature changes, and the father weeps the son;
Youth is fallen, and the aged lives to fight the foe alone!"

Tears of sorrow, slow and silent, fell upon the monarch's breast,
Then a swelling rage and passion woke within his heaving chest,

Like the sun of scorching summer glowed his face in wrathful shame;
From his brow and rolling eyeballs issued sparks of living flame!

"Perish she!" exclaimed the monarch. "She-wolf Sita dies today:
Indrajit but cleft her image; Ravan will the woman slay!"

Followed by his trembling courtiers, regal robes and garments rent,
Ravan shaking in his passion to Ashoka's garden went,

Maddened by his wrath and anguish, with his drawn and flaming sword,
Sought the shades where soft-eyed Sita, silentm sorrowed for her lord.

Woman's blood the royal sabre on that fatal day had stained,
But his true and faithful courtiers Ravan's wrathful hand restrained.

And the watchful raksha females girdled round the sorrowing dame,
Flung them on the path of Ravan to withstand a deed of shame.

"Not against a woman, Ravan, mighty warriors raise their hand,
In the battle," spake the courtiers; "duty bids thee use thy brand.

"Versed in Vedas and in learning, court not thus a caitiff's fate;
Woman's blood pollutes our valour, closes heaven's eternal gate!

"Leave the woman in her sorrow, mount upon thy battle car.
Faithful to our king and leader we will wake the voice of war.

"'Tis the fourteenth day auspicious of the dark and waning moon;
Glory waiteth thee in battle and thy vengeance cometh soon.

"All-resistless in the contest, slay thy foeman in his pride:
Seek as victor of the combat widowed Sita as thy bride!"

Slow and sullen, dark and silent, Ravan then his wrath restrained;
Vengeance on his son's destroyer deep within his bosom reigned!


Indrajit | Ravana's Lament | Lakshmana





Saturday, March 6, 2010

PDE Ramayana: Ravana and Lakshmana


Reading Guide. Ravana rides his chariot into battle, intent on killing Lakshmana, and he nearly succeeds!

Image: In this detail from a painting you can get a sense of the participants in the war: humans, demons, monkeys, and bears — with war elephants too.

Source. Indian Myth and Legend by Donald A. Mackenzie (1913). [300 words]



Ravana's Lament | 68. Ravana and Lakshmana | Indra's Chariot


Ravana went gloomily away; he mounted his chariot to battle against his enemies, remembering those who had already fallen. Followed by a great army, he swept from the city like to a tempest cloud which darkens the summer heaven. He beheld his brother Vibhishana fighting for Rama, and angrily cast at him a great weapon, but Lakshmana flung a javelin which shattered it in flight. Ravana smiled grimly and shouted to Lakshmana, “Slayer of my son, I welcome thee! Thou hast protected Vibhishana; now protect, if thou canst, thine own self.”

Having spoken thus he flung a great dart, which pierced the heart of Lakshmana and pinned him to the earth.

Rama stooped over the fallen hero and cried, “Alas! art thou fallen, my gallant brother? Thy weapons have dropped from thy hands; death claims thee, but, O Lakshmana, thou wilt not die alone. I am weary of battle and of glory, and when my task is ended, I will follow in thy footsteps. The love of wife or friend is easily won, but the love of a faithful brother, equal to thine, is rarely found in this world of illusions. Dearest of brothers, greatest of heroes, wilt thou never awaken from thy deathly swoon or open again thine eyes to behold me? Alas! the lips of Lakshmana are silent and his ears are stopped.”

In the darkness of night Hanuman again hastened northward in speedy flight to obtain the mountain which he had aforetime carried to Lanka. The physician found upon it the healing herbs; he pounded them and made a paste which he placed under the nostrils of the unconscious warrior. Then Lakshmana rose up again healed and hale and powerful. Rama rejoiced greatly, and turned against his foes.

A night attack was made upon the rakshasa capital, and the apes intercepted a sacrifice which Ravana sought to offer up to the gods so as to compel their aid; many fair mansions were given to the flames.


Ravana's Lament | Ravana and Lakshmana | Indra's Chariot



Friday, March 5, 2010

PDE Ramayana: Indra's Chariot


Reading Guide. As you know from the beginning of the story, the gods are the ones who planned for Rama to defeat Ravana. So, as the battle continues, the gods watch the events unfold, and Indra decides to send his own chariot, along with his charioteer, Matali, to aid Rama.

Image: In the painting below, the gods are watching Rama and Lakshmana from their celestial vehicles; meanwhile, on the chariot, Matali gives Rama advice. If you look at the full painting, you will see Ravana on his chariot facing Rama.

Source. Ramayana, The Epic of Rama, Prince of India, condensed into English verse by Romesh Dutt (1899). [300 words]



Lakshmana | 69. Indra's Chariot | Rama and Ravana


Not in dastard terror Ravan sought his safety in his flight,
But to seek fresh steeds of battle ere he faced his foeman's might.

Harnessing his gallant coursers to a new and glorious car,
Sunlike in its radiant splendor, Ravan came once more to war.

Gods in wonder watched the contest of the more than mortal foes,
Ravan mighty in his vengeance, Rama lofty in his woes;

Gods in wonder marked the heroes, lion-like in jungle wood:
Indra sent his arms and chariot where the human warrior stood!

"Speed, Matali," thus spake Indra, "speed thee with my heavenly car,
Where on foot the righteous Rama meets his mounted foe in war.

"Speed, for Ravan's days are ended, and his moments brief and few;
Rama strives for right and virtue — gods assist the brave and true!"

Brave Matali drove the chariot drawn by steeds like solar ray,
Where the true and righteous Rama sought his foe in fatal fray;

Shining arms and heavenly weapons he to lofty Rama gave —
When the righteous strive and struggle, gods assist the true and brave!

"Take this car," so said Matali, "which the helping gods provide;
Rama, take these steeds celestial, Indra's golden chariot ride;

"Take this royal bow and quiver, wear this falchion dread and dire:
Vishvakarman forged this armor in the flames of heavenly fire.

I shall be thy chariot driver and shall speed the thund'ring car.
Slay the sin-polluted Ravan in this last and fatal war!"

Rama mounted on the chariot clad in arms of heavenly sheen,
And he mingled in a contest mortal eyes have never seen!


Lakshmana | Indra's Chariot | Rama and Ravana